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VOL. 8, ISSUE 2 (2026)
The architecture of unfreedom: A political sociology of position, power, and popular silence in India
Authors
Dr. Ghulam Mohammad Khan
Abstract
This paper examines the structural conditions that enable certain individuals in India to speak truth, which is otherwise easy and harmless, while the majority of commoners remain unable to do so. Drawing on political theory, empirical data from press freedom and surveillance reports, and a qualitative analysis of prominent dissenting voices across politics, journalism, literature, and cinema, the paper argues that the capacity to speak truth is not a function of individual courage but of socially and institutionally constructed positions. These positions are created through four main mechanisms: personal symbolic capital, systemic designation (such as opposition leadership), foreign institutional backing, and sudden ruptures within the ruling order. The paper further quantifies the asymmetry of risk using National Crime Records Bureau data, showing that nearly 70% of sedition arrestees between 2018 and 2022 were ordinary citizens. It also introduces the concept of the "panoptic gaze" as internalised self discipline, supported by auto-ethnographic reflection. The paper concludes that the system perpetuates an architecture of unfreedom in which the majority internalises silence, and truth becomes a luxury reserved for those whom the state cannot easily suppress. Policy implications for democratic deepening are briefly discussed.
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Pages:65-70
How to cite this article:
Dr. Ghulam Mohammad Khan "The architecture of unfreedom: A political sociology of position, power, and popular silence in India". International Journal of Sociology and Political Science, Vol 8, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 65-70
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